Mulheres nos cargos de liderança no esporte: uma revisão da literatura / Women leaders in sport: a literature review / Mujeres en puestos de liderazgo en el deporte: una revisión de la literatura

Objetivamos analisar a produção acadêmica sobre mulheres líderes esportivas, a partir de um estudo de revisão de escopo. Foram incluídos 17 artigos e seis categorias emergiram a partir da análise temática: a) características dos estudos; b) perfil das mulheres líderes; c) análises quantitativas; d) barreiras encontradas pelas mulheres líderes; e) posicionamento das mulheres que ocupam os cargos de liderança; f) projeção de carreira. Os estudos quantitativos observaram a predominância masculina no cenário esportivo e as pesquisas qualitativas demonstram as principais causas e consequências desse fenômeno, como as relações de poder socialmente construídas entre os gêneros e as barreiras identificadas por essas mulheres (AU).

The objective was to analyze the academic production on women leaders in sport, based on a scoping review study. Total of 17 articles were included and six categories emerged from the thematic analysis: a) characteristics of the studies; b) profile of women leaders; c) quantitative analysis; d) barriers encountered by women leaders; e) positioning of women who occupy leadership positions; f) career projection. Quantitative studies observed the male predominance in sports and qualitative research demonstrates the main causes and consequences of this phenomenon, such as the socially constructed power relations between genders and the barriers identified by these women (AU)

Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la producción académica sobre mujeres líderes deportivas, a partir de un estudio de revisión de alcance. Se incluyeron 17 artículos y del análisis temático surgieron seis categorías: a) características de los estudios; b) perfil de las mujeres líderes; c) análisis cuantitativo; d) barreras encontradas por las mujeres líderes; e) posicionamiento de las mujeres que ocupan puestos de liderazgo; f) proyección de carrera. Los estudios cuantitativos han observado el predominio masculino en el escenario deportivo y la investigación cualitativa ha mostrado las principales causas y consecuencias de este fenómeno, como las relaciones de poder socialmente construidas entre los géneros y las barreras identificadas por estas mujeres (AU)

Analysis of the relationship between management capability of general practice team leaders and the team performance in community health service centers based on structural equation model / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To analyze the relationship between capacity of general practice team leaders and the team performance in community health service centers.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire survey was conducted between November and December 2022, among general practice team leaders and general practitioners (GPs) from 18 community health service centers in the urban and suburban areas of shanghai selected by stratified sampling method. The personal information questionnaire, leadership of general practice team leader questionnaire,and work performance scale of general team members were used for the survey. The relationship between leadership of general practice team leaders and team performance was analyzed based on structural equation model (SEM).Results:A total of 944 questionnaires were distributed and 856 valid ones were returned with a response rate of 91.0%, including 110 general practice team leaders and 749 were GPs. The SEM analysis showed that some dimensions of the management ability of the general practice team leader had significant effect on the employee organization loyalty (organizational management: β=0.37, teaching and research management: β=-0.29, strategy and cultural construction: β=0.23, personal quality: β=0.11) and work performance (special business management: β=0.95, organizational management: β=0.54) (all P<0.05); and employee organization loyalty played a partial mediator role in relationship between leadership of general practice team leaders and work performance with a mediating effect of 39.50%. Conclusion:The management ability of the general practice team leader directly affect or indirectly affect the work performance of team members through team members′ organizational loyalty.

Status quo of management capabilities of general practice team leaders in community health service centers in Shanghai / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey on the status quo of the management capabilities of general practice team leaders in community health service centers in Shanghai.Methods:Using stratified sampling method, 18 community health service centers in the urban and suburban areas of Shanghai were selected, then the general practice team leaders and general practitioners (team members) in the centers were selected as the study participants. The questionnaire survey on the management capabilities of general practice team leaders was conducted among selected participants from November to December 2021. The self-assessment by general team leaders and the other-assessment by team members were carried out, and the total scores was calculated according to the weight of self-evaluation score (30%) and other-evaluation score(70%).Results:A total of 110 general practice team leaders and 749 team members participated in the survey. Among the team leaders, 63.64% (70/110) were females, 82.73% (91/110) were bachelor degree holders, 71.82% (79/110) had intermediate professional title, and 50.91% (56/110) worked for more than 9 h per day. The total score of general practice team leaders was (87.15±10.76) points, the other-assessment score was significantly higher than self-assessment score ((88.62±9.34) vs.(83.71±14.08), t=2.22, P<0.05). The average score of the 5 dimensions was 4.41 for special business management, 4.39 for organizational management, 4.38 for personal quality, 4.27 for teaching and research management and 4.22 for strategy and cultural construction, respectively. Conclusion:The overall management capabilities of Shanghai community general practice team leaders are at the upper-middle level, however, the capabilities in scientific research and team planning are relatively weak.

Lecturas de Bioética: Escuela de Medicina / Bioethics Readings: Medicine School

La escuela de Medicina hoy debe formar líderes, líderes que escuchan, que revelan sinceridad cuando lo hacen, que conocen el dolor, las restricciones que estorban la felicidad del hombre común, del Otro, la abundancia del egoísmo y la pobreza de la solidaridad entre nosotros, médicos que perciben las preguntas, que no tienen todas las respuestas, pero las exploran, y que sienten los temblores del temor y de la muerte, no solamente en los enfermos sino en ellos mismos.

Medical school today must train leaders, leaders who listen, who reveal sincerity when they do so, who know the pain, the restrictions that hinder the happiness of the common man, of the Other, the abundance of selfishness and the poverty of solidarity among us, physicians who perceive the questions, who do not have all the answers, but explore them, and who feel the tremors of fear and death, not only in the sick but in themselves.

Líderes de opinión digital en tiempos de pandemia: el rol de la Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud en Twitter frente al COVID-19 / Digital opinion leaders in the time of COVID-19: the role of the National Association of Health Reporters on Twitter in the struggle against the pandemic

La Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud constituye una de las mayores asociaciones de prensa sectorial de España, con más de 700 miembros. Durante la crisis del COVID-19, su función en la gestión y difusión de información puede considerarse fundamental. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar cómo se produce la comunicación entre los miembros de la Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud en torno al COVID-19 en Twitter. Se descargaron todos los tuits e interacciones entre los asociados y se analizó la red generada por estos; se identificó a los miembros más influyentes a través de medidas de centralidad y se examinó el contenido de los tuits con mayor difusión y engagement. Tras identificar expresiones que aparecían con mayor frecuencia, se hizo un análisis semántico para extraer los temas más relevantes. Los datos mostraron una red poco cohesionada, donde los usuarios interactúan poco entre sí. Tanto la Asociación como sus miembros, se centran mayoritariamente en la difusión de mensajes fomentadores de concienciación, con información relevante relacionada con la enfermedad, la formación, la denuncia social y el humor. Un uso más coordinado e interactivo de la red social por parte de los miembros de la Asociación, sería deseable para aumentar el alcance y la difusión de sus mensajes(AU)

The National Association of Health Informants is one of the largest sectoral press associations in Spain, with more than 700 members. During the COVID-19 crisis, its role in the management and dissemination of information can be considered fundamental. The overall objective of this research was to analyze how communication occurs between members of the National Association of Health Informants regarding COVID-19 on Twitter. All tweets and interactions between associates were downloaded and the network generated by them was analyzed; the most influential members were identified through measures of centrality and the content of the tweets with the highest diffusion and engagement was examined. After identifying expressions that appeared more frequently, a semantic analysis was made to extract the most relevant topics. The data showed a poorly cohesive network, where users interact little with each other. Both the Association and its members focus mainly on the dissemination of awareness-raising messages, with relevant information related to the disease, training, social denunciation and humor. A more coordinated and interactive use of the social network by the members of the Association would be desirable to increase the reach and dissemination of their messages(AU)

O papel dos líderes diante da pandemia de Covid-19 / The role of leaders in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic / El papel de los líderes ante la pandemia de Covid-19

A atuação de líderes de diversos países pode ser determinante no enfrentamento de uma pandemia, como a de Covid-19. De acordo com suas posturas, entrevistas e discursos, há maneiras diferentes de se encarar a crise de saúde e suas consequências em cada local afetado. Com o intuito de demonstrar como isso vem ocorrendo de modo mais efetivo, este artigo pretende analisar posturas, entrevistas e discursos de presidentes e primeiros-ministros ou chanceleres. Para um recorte que permita verificar melhor como alguns chefes de governo influenciam suas nações, foram escolhidos como exemplos Jacinda Ardern, da Nova Zelândia; Jair Bolsonaro, do Brasil; Angela Merkel, da Alemanha; e Donald Trump, dos Estados Unidos. A análise vai abranger um período específico do início da pandemia, levando em conta os meses de janeiro até abril de 2020.

The performance of leaders of different countries can be decisive to tacke a pandemic, such as that of Covid-19. According to their postures, interviews and speeches, there are different ways of facing the health crisis and its consequences in each affected territory. In order to demonstrate how this has been happening more effectively, this article intends to analyse postures, interviews and speeches of presidents and prime ministers or chancellors. To make possible an analysis in detail observing how some heads of government influence their nations, we have chosen Jacinda Ardern, from New Zealand; Jair Bolsonaro, from Brazil; Angela Merkel, from Germany; and Donald Trump, from the United States. The analysis focuses on a specific period at the beginning of the pandemic, taking into account the months from January to April 2020.

Las actuaciones de líderes de diferentes países pueden ser decisivas en el enfrentamiento de una pandemia, como la de Covid-19. Según sus actitudes, entrevistas y discursos, hay diferentes maneras de enfrentar la crisis de salud y sus consecuencias en cada territorio afectado. Para demostrar como eso está sucediendo de manera más efectiva, este artículo intenta analizar posturas, entrevistas y discursos de presidentes y primeros ministros o cancilleres. Para un análisis que posibilite ver con más detalles como algunos jefes de Gobierno influyen en sus naciones, fueron seleccionados Jacinda Ardern, de Nueva Zelanda; Jair Bolsonaro, de Brasil; Angela Merkel, de Alemania; y Donald Trump, de los Estados Unidos. El análisis abarca un período específico del inicio de la pandemia, teniendo en cuenta los meses desde enero hasta abril de 2020.

El proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles desde la Extensión Universitaria en la carrera Cultura Física / O processo de formação de líderes estudantis dede a extensão universitária na carreira Cultura Física / The process of formation of student leaders from the University Outreach Department in the degree of Physical Culture

Resumen En la presente investigación, se ofrece una concentración teórica acerca del proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles en las carreras pedagógico-deportivas. El objetivo general estuvo dirigido a diseñar una estrategia que contribuya al proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles desde la Extensión Universitaria en la carrera Cultura Física, de la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Se presentaron los resultados correspondientes a sus dos primeras tareas investigativas. El enfoque general de la investigación fue el dialéctico-materialista y se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico y del nivel empírico como el análisis de documentos, la entrevista y la encuesta. El estudio investigativo realizado acerca del proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles, desde la Extensión Universitaria, se centra en la realidad de la universidad cubana, desde una mirada crítica acerca del encargo social que tiene un profesional de la carrera Cultura Física para cumplir con su meta de manera competitiva. Constituyen premisas fundamentales el desempeño activo del estudiante en la socialización y cooperación durante la ejecución de las actividades que realiza en el contexto universitario y en la comunidad.

Resumo Na presente investigação, é oferecida uma concentração teórica sobre o processo de formação de líderes estudantis nas carreiras pedagógico-desportivas. O objetivo geral foi orientado para conceber uma estratégia que contribua para o processo de formação de líderes estudantis da extensão universitária na carreira da Cultura Física, na Universidade de Pinar del Río. Foram apresentados os resultados correspondentes às suas duas primeiras tarefas de investigação. A abordagem geral da investigação foi a dialética-materialista e foram utilizados métodos do nível teórico e empírico, tais como a análise de documentos, a entrevista e o inquérito. O estudo de investigação realizado sobre o processo de formação de líderes estudantis, a partir da extensão universitária, centra-se na realidade da universidade cubana, de um ponto de vista crítico sobre a tarefa social que um profissional da carreira da Cultura Física tem de cumprir o seu objetivo de uma forma competitiva. O desempenho ativo do estudante na socialização e cooperação durante a execução das atividades que desenvolve no contexto universitário e na comunidade constitui premissas fundamentais.

Abstract In the present research, a theoretical concentration is offered about the process of formation of student leaders in the pedagogical-sports careers. The general objective was directed to design a strategy that contributes to the formation process of student leaders from the university extension in the Physical Culture career, of the University of Pinar del Río. The results corresponding to its first two research tasks were presented. The general approach of the research was the dialectical-materialistic one, and methods from the theoretical level and from the empirical level were used, such as the analysis of documents, the interview and the survey. The research study carried out about the process of formation of student leaders, from the university extension, is centered in the reality of Cuban university, from a critical look about the social assignment that a professional of Physical Culture has to fulfill his/her goal in a competitive way. The active performance of the student in the socialization and cooperation during the execution of the activities that he/she carries out in the university context and in the community constitute fundamental premises.

Evaluation of skill gaps of health-care leaders in Indian public and private sectors

Background: Indian health care is experiencing a significant shift in terms of requirement of resources and changing demographic pattern. The customer-oriented and quality conscious competitive environment has intensified the need for healthcare organizations to attain higher levels of organizational performance. Competencies of health-care leaders play a pivotal role in deciding the organizational development and strategic growth. A cross-sectional study of select health-care leaders’ of India was done from various hospitals and other health delivery agencies to identify and analyze the gaps in competencies. Objectives: The study objectives were to identify the existing leadership competencies of private and public health-care executives, assess and compare these competencies against standardized leadership models, and recommend key competencies for Indian leaders. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amidst health-care leaders of India so as to assess their leadership competencies. Health-care leaders of India were identified after focused group discussion and senior health-care leaders such as Directors, Deans, CEOs, and Principals were shortlisted for this study. Two structured questionnaires were administered to health-care leaders of various hospitals in India. The ratings in the questionnaire were on a Likert scale ranging from very poor to excellent. Respondents were asked to self-evaluate various competencies and the same was analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. Interpretation of results of data analysis was done. Ethics Committee Clearance was taken from the institute where the study was done. Results: A total of 300 questionnaires were sent of which 106 questionnaires were completed and returned back by select health-care leaders, 78 were doctors and 28 were nursing executives. The study has been able to identify deficiencies in the perceived “existing competency” and “required competency” levels in the selected competencies amidst public and private sector health executives. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that there is deficiency in perceived “existing competency” and “required competency” levels in the selected competencies of health-care leaders both from private and public sectors. Indian health-care leaders are operating at operational level and have not graded themselves highly in transformational roles. There is a need for training to bridge the competency gap of Indian health-care leaders both in public and private sectors.

Esforços, sacrifícios e liderança heróicos: é tudo em um dia de trabalho para os enfermeiros antes, durante e após a crise do COVID-19 / Heroic efforts, sacrifices and leadership: it's all in a day's work for nurses before, during, and after the COVID-19 crisis / Esfuerzos heroicos, sacrificios y liderazgo: todo es un día de trabajo para las enfermeras antes, durante y después de la crisis de COVID-19

O novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 que surgiu na cidade de Wuhan, na China, no ano passado, produziu uma pandemia de coronavírus em larga escala (COVID-19). Enquanto escrevemos isso, em todo o mundo existem mais de um milhão de casos e o número de mortos chegou a mais de 100.000 pessoas. No Brasil e em outros países, alguns indivíduos teorizaram que o vírus foi "criado" em laboratórios, e alguns grupos religiosos levantaram a ideia de que o vírus sinalizava o início do apocalipse. No entanto, um estudo científico recente concluiu que o vírus é o produto da evolução natural, encerrando qualquer boato sobre engenharia genética deliberada. No Brasil, o COVID-19 foi diagnosticado pela primeira vez em 26 de fevereiro e já se espalhou por todos os estados e territórios.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China last year has produced a large-scale coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. As we are writing this, across the world there are more than a million cases, and the death toll has reached more than 100,000 people. In Brazil as well as other countries, some individuals theorized that the virus was "created" in laboratories, and some religious groups raised the idea that the virus signaled the onset of the apocalypse. However, a recent scientific study has concluded that the virus is the product of natural evolution, ending any rumor about deliberate genetic engineering. In Brazil, COVID-19 was first diagnosed on February 26th and has already spread throughout all the states and territories.

El nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que surgió en la ciudad de Wuhan, China, el año pasado produjo una pandemia de coronavirus a gran escala (COVID-19). Mientras escribimos esto, en todo el mundo hay más de un millón de casos, y el número de muertos ha llegado a más de 100,000 personas. En Brasil, así como en otros países, algunas personas teorizaron que el virus fue "creado" en laboratorios, y algunos grupos religiosos plantearon la idea de que el virus señalaba el inicio del apocalipsis. Sin embargo, un estudio científico reciente ha concluido que el virus es el producto de la evolución natural, poniendo fin a cualquier rumor sobre ingeniería genética deliberada. En Brasil, COVID-19 fue diagnosticado por primera vez el 26 de febrero y ya se ha extendido a todos los estados y territorios.

Religious Mosque Leaders (Khateebs): Awareness, Perceptions, Practices and Attitude towards Mental Health, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia

Background:Mosques are the most holy places in the eyes of Allah-Exalted and Glorified, and the religious mosque leaders (Khateebs) who read 15-20 minutes Khutbah prior to Friday Prayers have great knowledge in religion of Islam and are considered the peace-building leaders through delivering the pertinent Friday sermons around the world.Objective:This online consenting cross-sectional survey explored the mental health awareness, perceptions, attitudes and practices of Khateebs of Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia.Methods:This survey used 14-items self-designed culturally competitive questionnaire and sociodemographic proforma to tap religious mosque leaders’ knowledge, perceptions, practices and attitude towards mental health. Results:Majority of mosque leaders were middle aged with higher education and extensive experience as a model of true interlocutor (Khateeb). Their knowledge and practices revealed were replete with religious and spiritual healing approaches but religious mosque leaders did not completely overlook the role of psychiatric medications and mental health professionals in the management of mentally ill persons. However, religious mosque leaders showed some negative attitudes towards patients with mental disorders, and recommended 10 corrective guides including integration of mosques and religious leaders into mental health system.Conclusion:Despite mosque leader’s good mental health literacy,they need further training to plug certain loopholes traced in their mental health literacy. Researchers should conduct further similar research overcoming the caveats of this survey not only in Saudi Arabia but also globally in Muslim world

Por la vida, ¿Hasta la vida misma?: Líderes sociales en Riesgo (Colombia) / For Life, Even Life Itself?: Social Leaders In Jeopardy (Colombia)

Resumen No podemos ni debemos ver el crecimiento en la militarización, la criminalización, la eliminación de los movimientos sociales, populares, comunidades afro, indígenas, campesinos, etc., como meros fenómenos desconectados o meramente coyunturales, no podemos verlos de forma aislada, éstos son fenómenos estructurales, intencionados, direccionados, derivados de un modelo impuesto.

Abstract We cannot and must not see the growth in militarization, criminalization, the disposal of social and popular movements, Afro-descendant communities, indigenous peoples, and peasants, etc. as mere unconnected or just merely temporary phenomena. They cannot be regarded in isolation. They are structural, intentional, directed phenomena, which are derived from an imposed model.

Líderes universitarios y protagonismo estudiantil. Caso Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey / University leaders and student leading role. Case University of Medical Sciences

RESUMEN La formación de profesionales competentes y comprometidos con el ideal de justicia social y solidaridad humana es un reto para las universidades médicas en Cuba. El protagonismo estudiantil en este contexto contribuye a formar jóvenes autodeterminados, críticos, reflexivos, que se hagan cargo de su desarrollo profesional y participen de forma creadora en la transformación de la sociedad. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, con el objetivo de valorar la visión que tienen los líderes estudiantiles sobre el protagonismo estudiantil, los factores que lo limitan y acciones para perfeccionarlo. Se utilizaron las técnicas entrevista estructurada, entrevista grupal y observación participante a una muestra de once dirigentes estudiantiles. Se logró identificar que los dirigentes estudiantiles tienen una visión acertada sobre el protagonismo estudiantil y señalan factores que limitan el protagonismo, asociados a los propios estudiantes, los profesores, las autoridades universitarias y la institución.

ABSTARCT The formation of competent and committed professionals with the ideal of social justice and human solidarity is a challenge for the medical universities in Cuba. The student-leading role in this context helps to form self-determined, critical, reflective young people, who take charge of his professional development and take part of creative form in the transformation of the society. A qualitative investigation was carried out in the University of Medical Sciences, with the objective to value the vision that the student leaders have on the student-leading role, the factors that limit it and actions to perfect it. There used the techniques structured interview, group interview and taking part observation to a sample of eleven student leaders. It was identified that the student leaders have an appropriate vision on the student-leading role and indicated factors that limit the leading role, associated with the proper students, the teachers, the university authorities and the institution.

Recrutamento e perfil dos dirigentes públicos brasileiros nas áreas econômicas e sociais entre 1995 e 2012 / La contratación y el perfil de los funcionarios públicos de alto nivel brasileños en las áreas económicas y sociales de 1995 a 2012 / Recruitment and profile of Brazilian higher public administrators in economic and social areas from 1994 to 2012

Resumo O artigo analisa o perfil dos dirigentes públicos de quatro ministérios: Fazenda e Planejamento, representando a área econômica, e Saúde e Educação, como exemplos da área social. Baseado em dados empíricos, propõe uma comparação de perfil dos ocupantes desses altos cargos no período de 1995 a 2012. A pesquisa demonstra as especificidades do padrão de recrutamento nessas duas áreas do campo burocrático e evidencia que os dirigentes públicos da área econômica são provenientes de setores sociais mais favorecidos, apresentam padrão mais técnico e são menos engajados em questões de ordem política, social e sindical. Mas nem por isso são intelectualmente superiores em termos de titulação. Nossos dados permitem dialogar com as teses de Pierre Bourdieu sobre as elites do campo burocrático e ajudam a desmontar mitos sobre a maior qualificação acadêmica dos setores burocráticos da área econômica e financeira.

Resumen El artículo analiza el perfil de los funcionarios públicos de cuatro ministerios: Finanzas y Planificación, en representación del área económica, y la Salud y la Educación, como ejemplos del área social. Basado en datos empíricos, sugiere una comparación del perfil de los ocupantes de estos puestos de responsabilidad en el período de 1995 a 2012. La investigación muestra la especificidad de lo patrón de reclutamiento en estas dos áreas del campo burocrático y evidencia que los funcionarios públicos de la zona económica provienen de los sectores sociales más privilegiados, tienen un carácter más técnico y son menos dedicados a las cuestiones de la orden política, social y sindical. Pero no por ello son intelectualmente superiores en términos de titulación. Nuestros datos permiten dialogar con las tesis de Bourdieu sobre las élites del campo burocrático y ayudan a desmontar mitos sobre la mayor calificación académica de los sectores burocráticos del área económica y financiera.

Abstract This article analyzes the profile of the public managers of four ministries: Finance and Planning, representing the economic area, and Health and Education, as examples of the social area. Based on empirical data, a comparison of the profile of the occupants of these senior positions from 1995 to 2012 is proposed. The research demonstrates the specificities of the recruitment pattern in these two areas of the bureaucratic field and shows that the public leaders of the economic area come from the most favored social sectors, present a more technical pattern and are less engaged in political, social and union matters. However, they are not intellectually superior in terms of qualifications. The data allow to discuss Bourdieu`s theses on the elites of the bureaucratic field and help to demonstrate the myths about the greater academic qualification of the bureaucratic sectors of the economic and financial areas.

A qualitative research of leaders' intervention techniques in process of unstructured group counseling / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To explore the intervention techniques of group counseling leader ("group leader") during group counseling process. Methods: The analysis material of intervention techniques was 11 sessions in two unstructured counseling groups. The analysis unit was every dialogue paragraph in the leader'soral response in the group counseling process. And the leaders' intervention techniques emerging in the video and verbatim transcription were coded according to adapted coding manual. Results: Totally 48 types of techniques were identified, that were grouped into 4 categories, including basic communication and reaction technique, exploring and influencing technique, facilitating technique, action and intervention technique. From the perspective of the single group counseling activity, techniques of basic communication and reaction were used more in the early and middle stage of an activity. Techniques of exploring and influencing and techniques of action and intervention were used more in the middle and later stage. And facilitating techniques were more used in the early and later stage. From the perspective of the whole grouping counseling process, techniques of basic communication and reaction and techniques of exploring and influencing were two primary types of intervention techniques. Frequency of using exploring and influencing techniques reached its peak in the intermediate stage of the group counseling process. The use of facilitating technology was gradually reduced. Conclusions: Techniques of basic communication and reaction are basic intervention techniques in group counseling, while techniques of exploring and influencing and techniques of action and intervention could be used on the basis of the development of the group. And facilitating techniques could facilitate to open the group and deepen the achievement of group counseling.

O agir solidário de mais de vinte mil líderes comunitários em todo o território nacional em favor de um envelhecer mais saudável: relatos da experiência da Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa / The solidarity of more than twenty thousand community leaders throughout the national territory in favor of a healthier aging: reports of the experience of the Pastoral of the Elderly Person / El actuar solidario de más de veinte mil líderes comunitarios en todo el territorio nacional a favor de un envejecimiento más sano: relatos de la experiencia de la Pastoral de la Persona Anciana

Este estudo traz o relato de experiência da Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa, em que se cultua a experiência bem-sucedida de mais de vinte mil líderes comunitários em nosso país que desempenham seu trabalho, voluntariamente, em favor de um envelhecer mais saudável. Considerando-se que vivemos um momento da história humana em que se busca a utopia de diferentes iniciativas, de novos projetos de vida, de novos experimentos, mas não afastados da realidade vivida pelos idosos, tendo-se em meta um novo ideal de convivência, que inclua a subjetividade, individual e coletiva, valorizando-se cada vez mais a fraternidade e a solidariedade.

This study is an account of the experience of the Elderly Person's Pastoral, in which the successful experience of more than twenty thousand community leaders in our country who work voluntarily in favor of a healthier aging is worshiped. Considering that we live in a moment of human history in which we seek the utopia of different initiatives, new life projects, new experiments, but not far from the reality lived by the elderly, a new ideal of coexistence is at stake, which includes subjectivity, individual and collective, with increasing emphasis on fraternity and solidarity.

Este estudio trae el relato de experiencia de la Pastoral de la persona mayor, en que se cultiva la experiencia exitosa de más de veinte mil líderes comunitarios en nuestro país que desempeñan su trabajo voluntariamente en favor de un envejecimiento más sano. En el caso de que se produzca un cambio en la calidad de vida de las personas que viven en la tierra, que incluya la subjetividad individual y colectiva, valorizando cada vez más la fraternidad y la solidaridad.

Research on the Application of Network Opinion Leaders in Ideological and Political Education Incolleges and Universities / 中国医学伦理学

Aiming at current situation for network ideological and political education in colleges and universities and setting opinion leader theory as entry point,Through the deep analysis of existing real problem of network ideological and political education in colleges and universities,it was found that it must pay more attention to the function of network opinion leader to promote the effects of network ideological and political education in colleges and universities.And also through identifying and cultivating related network opinion leader,it can realize the objective to enhancing the effects of network ideological and political education by right of the influence of network opinion leader.

Volunteer youth leaders for Health - Philippines: Providing a mechanism for youth empowerment towards advocacy for birth defects prevention and care

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">The Volunteer Youth Leaders for Health-Philippine(VYLH- Philippines) is a national youth network established in 2009 as an model on how to organized young women and men into a national force that promotes self-learnings, independence,personal growth and sustained public health change from the grassroots level to up.Formed under the aegis of the University of the Philippines Manila and the department of health,the VYLH- Philippines has focused its activities in the past eight years on helping reduce mortality and disability from congenital disorder through awareness program and support for policy development.This paper describes in details the organization and extraordinary accomplishment of the VYLH- Philippines to date.</p>

História de Vida de Líderes Surdos: um Estudo a Partir da sua Trajetória em Movimentos Sociais1 / Stories of Deaf Leaders Lives: a Study of Their Careers in Social Movements

RESUMO: este artigo trata de histórias de vida de pessoas surdas, tendo como principal objetivo analisar os fatores que as levaram à militância e ao envolvimento em movimentos sociais, assim como as contribuições trazidas pelas suas consequentes lideranças. Como procedimento metodológico, privilegiamos a metodologia História de Vida, através da aplicação de entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas. Os resultados apontaram como fatores de destaque a influência de "um outro", especificamente um "outro surdo", os aspectos linguísticos, a escola especial para surdos, a igreja e ênfase nas lideranças das pessoas surdas. Como conclusão, os dados analisados nos permitem sugerir que é importante dar voz e oportunidades às pessoas surdas e instigar a sociedade para novos olhares, novos estudos e pesquisas com novas experiências, que sirvam de referenciais como inclusão de pessoas surdas em movimentos sociais.

ABSTRACT: This article addresses stories of deaf people lives, having as main objective to analyze factors that led them to militancy and involvement with social movements, as well as the contributions brought by their consequent leaderships. As methodological procedure, we emphasized the Life History methodology, through the application of open and semi structured interviews. The results pointed as prominent factors the influence of "one other", specifically one "other deaf", the linguistic aspects, the special school for the deaf, the church and emphasis on deaf people leadership. As conclusion, the analyzed data allow us to suggest that it is important to give voice and opportunities to deaf people and to instigate society for new looks, new studies and research with new experiences, which can be used as reference to the inclusion of deaf people in social movements.

Nurse leaders’ Attitudes, Self-Efficacy and training Needs for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice: Is It Time for a Change toward Safe Care.

Introduction: Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been recognized as the gold standard for safe and high quality care. Nurse leaders have a strategic position in terms of initiating changes in clinical settings for successfully implementing EBP. Therefore, the factors that influence implementing EBP must be measured. Aims: To examine nurse leaders’ attitudes, self-efficacy, and training needs for implementing evidence-based practice. Place and Duration of Study: Four teaching hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences in the southeast of Iran from January to April 2014. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 nurse leaders from four teaching hospitals. After using a modified forward/backward translation procedure to create a Persian version of "perceptions of nurses of evidence-based practice questionnaire", data were collected from the participants and analyzed using SPSS (version 20), descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Most (82.86%) of the participants had not attended any specific training course on the implementation of EBP and 80% had not been involved in any research activities. Nurse leaders’ attitudes toward EBP were unfavorable (mean=2.55±0.88), their levels of self-efficacy in EBP skills were weak (mean=2.64±1.31), and their demand for training in all of the EBP areas was moderate (3.89±.97). Conclusion: Current practice of nurse leaders is not evidence-based, which is worrisome and can result in serious deficiencies in the quality and safety of nursing care. Nurse leaders must attempt to equip themselves with the attitudes and skills required to change in practice using EBP.

Propuesta metodológica para la planificación, implementación y evaluación participativas en Áreas de Salud - Consejos Populares / Methodological proposal for planning, implementation and participative evaluation in Health Areas - Popular Councils

La participación comunitaria es un componente clave para mejorar la salud y permanentemente ha sido un pilar dentro del Sistema de Salud cubano, sin embargo no se ha garantizado totalmente la participación de líderes formales e informales comunitarios dentro de la planificación de salud y específicamente en la elaboración del Análisis de Situación de Salud (ASIS), lo cual limita el potencial de empoderamiento comunitario. Objetivo: proponer una metodología de planificación-implementación-evaluación de salud para incrementar la participación comunitaria y el empoderamiento a nivel local. Método: se propone la aplicación de la Metodología Integral Participativa de Planificación y Evaluación en Salud por sus siglas en Inglés CPPE (Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation) de uso internacional en proyectos de desarrollo, y adaptada al contexto cubano, para ser utilizada en los servicios de salud, partiendo de una fase piloto dentro de un proyecto de investigación-acción.Conclusiones: se propuso una metodología de planificación-implementación-evaluación de salud para incrementar la participación comunitaria y el empoderamiento a nivel local, donde se analizó el potencial que encierra para lograr sus propósitos. Si la implementación de la metodología fuera exitosa nosotros podríamos proponer su introducción y generalización dentro del sistema de salud, como una alternativa para la planificación en el trabajo conjunto de áreas de salud-consejos populares...

Community participation is a key component to improve health and has permanently been a mainstay within the Cuban Health System; however, the participation of community formal and informal leaders within health planning, specifically, in the development of Health Situation Analysis (ASIS) was not guaranteed, which limits the potential of community empowerment. Objective: to propose a methodology for health planning, implementation and evaluation to increase community participation and local empowerment. Method: the application of the methodology of the Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation (CPEE), internationally used for development projects, is proposed and adapted to the Cuban context to be used in the health services, starting from a pilot phase within an action research project.Conclusions: a methodology for health planning, implementation and evaluation to increase community participation and local empowerment was proposed, which analyzed the potential for the achievement of its goals. If the implementation of the methodology were successful, we could propose its introduction and generalization within the health system as an alternative for the planning of group work in health areas and popular councils...